Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis, are small, hard mineral and acid salt deposits that form inside the kidneys. This common condition affects approximately 20% of the population.
Kidney stones develop when urine components are imbalanced. Common types of stones include calcium, struvite, uric acid and cystine stones. Dehydration can lead to more concentrated urine, promoting crystallisation and stone formation. Other factors include metabolic disorders, kidney diseases, gout, inflammatory bowel disease and certain medications. Often, stones result from multiple factors in susceptible individuals.
Kidney stones are typically expelled in the urine. Small stones might pass unnoticed, but larger stones can be painful. Sometimes the stones can get stuck along the way, presenting symptoms that include:
Kidney stones may be detected incidentally or upon experiencing symptoms. Diagnostic imaging tests include:
Treatment depends on the stone's type, size and location. Options include:
