The prostate gland is a key component of the male reproductive encircling the urethra. Its primary functions are to produce a fluid that combines with sperm to create semen and to generate prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which liquefies the semen.
Our bodies constantly produce new cells, but at times cells divide abnormally, forming a lump known as a tumour. Tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Prostate cancer refers to the presence of malignant tumour cells within the prostate. It ranks as the third most common cancer among men in Singapore.
Stages of prostate cancer
Cancer staging communicates the size and extent of cancer spread:
Localised
The tumour is confined within the prostate, often too small to be detected during a physical examination.
Locally advanced
The tumour extends beyond the prostate to nearby areas, such as the seminal vesicles or surrounding the bladder or rectum. The cancer has not yet spread to other parts of the body.
Metastatic disease
The cancer spreads to other areas, such as lymph nodes, bones or organs like the liver, lungs and brain. Node-positive disease, where cancer spreads to lymph nodes, may still be treatable with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. When the cancer has spread to the bones or other organs, hormonal therapy is typically employed.
Age
The risk increases significantly in men over 65, although younger men can also be affected.
Family history
A family history of prostate cancer raises the risk, though most cases occur without such history.
Diet
High-risk diets and obesity may elevate the likelihood of developing prostate cancer.
Early-stage prostate cancer often presents no symptoms. Advanced stages may manifest symptoms, such as:
It's important to note that urinary symptoms can also arise from benign prostate enlargement, a condition common with ageing.
Singapore does not have a prostate cancer screening programme. However, investigation is recommended for individuals exhibiting symptoms or having a family history of prostate cancer.
Click here to learn more about the services and treatments available for prostate cancer.
